“That circulation which was thus conceived […] seemed to me painted with our effigy” (Dante Alighieri, Paradise 33, 127-131)
The term subject has its roots in the Latin subiectum, from sub stare, “to stand under.” This expression has a twofold fundamental meaning: on the one hand, it indicates that which serves as a foundation, a supporting base; on the other, it refers to the idea of submission, of that which is under as dependent. The same conceptual core is present in the Greek hypóstasis, literally “to stand under,” which in philosophical and theological reflection comes to mean the person as substance, that which sustains and makes possible the being of something.
In this perspective, the Logos can be understood as the subject, the person of all creatures: not a subject in the modern and psychological sense of the term, understood as a self-conscious ego, but the personal foundation in a metaphysical sense. It is what Thomas Aquinas calls actus essendi, the act of being itself. The Logos is not simply one among subjects, but the fundamental principle of being, that in which all reality finds consistency and intelligibility. The Christological basis of relative monism consists in this metaphysical intuition of Neoplatonic derivation. To quote Bernard of Clairvaux’s synthesis (deus suum ipsius et omnium esse): God is his own being (subject-of) and the being of all things (subject-to).
To say that the Logos is the act of being of Jesus is therefore to affirm that the divine person is the subject of Jesus’ will, action, and thought. This is not an external imposition or a substitution of the human dimension, but the fact that the hypostasis of the Logos constitutes the personal foundation through which the humanity of Jesus subsists and operates. In this sense, the hypostasis of the Logos realizes the psychological person of Jesus of Nazareth.
The term “realize” is decisive here and must be understood correctly: it does not mean to annul or replace, but to bring to completion, to make what is to be fully so. The human person of Jesus is not erased by the presence of the Logos, but finds in it the very condition of his own realization. Like every creature, the humanity of Jesus is characterized by a subjectivity that is not “subject-of,” that is, an autonomous and self-sufficient origin of being and acting, but “subject-to”: a subiectum that is under, that receives its own being and form of existence.
As he is subject to the Logos, that is, in a constitutive relationship with him, Jesus is truly a human person: subject-to, subiectum, founded and dependent. This dependence is not a limitation or a diminution, but the very truth of created being. As the equation of relative monism (x = x + y) expresses, God (x) is his relationship to creation (y). God as “subject-of” (x = x) implies that the creature is wholly in its relationship-to-God, and therefore that “y = 0,” that is, nothing of itself (as a being autonomous and independent of God) but totally participating in God. The being of every creature consists in fact in its relationship to God, in its original relativity: no creature is absolute, all are by participation.
For this reason, there is no competition between two subjectivities, the divine and the human. These are not two rival centers of action or consciousness. Divine subjectivity is the foundation (subject-of), human subjectivity is founded (subject-to); the former gives being, the latter receives it. It is precisely in this asymmetry that we understand the profound unity between the Logos and the humanity of Jesus: not a confusion, but a relationship in which the foundation makes possible what is founded, without annulling it, but rather allowing it to be fully itself.
To say that in Christ the Logos is personally the subject of humanity does not mean introducing an isolated exception, but rather stating in a full and transparent way what is true, in a real way, even if analogical, of every creature. The Logos is not the subject of Jesus’ humanity in a way that would be foreign to the rest of creation; on the contrary, in Jesus, what is already ontologically true in every being (the image of God) becomes explicit and personal (the likeness of God): no creature is the subject of its own being, but every creature subsists because the Logos is its founding subject.
Every entity, in fact, not only depends causally on God, but is continually placed in being. This means that its “substance” is always a “being-from” the Logos. In this rigorous sense, the Logos is the subject of every creature: not alongside it, but within it as an act of being. What is said in Jesus without mediation—that the Logos is the subject of his human life—applies to everything that exists: living, acting, and remaining in the being of every creature is possible only because the Logos is internally the actual foundation of its existence. Its act of being. Deus suum ipsius et omnium esse.
The difference is therefore not between “Jesus” and “creatures” as if only in the former the Logos were subject and in the latter only an external cause. The difference is in the mode of realization, that is, in similarity. Jesus became the Christ because in him the subjectivity or substantiality of the Logos is full, personal, immediate. Everything in the man Jesus (mind, heart, will, actions) is “submitted” to the Logos. In Jesus, there is no competition between two subjects: that of God and that of man, as the myth of Gen. 3 tells us about Adam, but a coincidence that John summarizes with the lemma “one thing.” Jesus of Nazareth becomes the Son in his humanity, since his being a creature “subsists” (hypostasis) in the Logos. In creatures, the Logos realizes the same creaturely grammar according to the measure of their capacity for reception and transparency. Every creature is truly “subject-to,” subiectum, but it is so in varying degrees of similarity: the stone as inert consistency, the plant as life, the animal as sensitivity, man as spirit. In each case, it is the Logos that makes that level of subjectivity exist, but according to analogical modalities.
For this reason, it must be said: in Jesus, the Logos is personally the subject of a humanity; in creatures, the Logos is truly the subject of their being, as an act of being that grounds them from within. The “who” does not change—it is always the Logos—but the “how” changes. The Logos not only grounds, but assumes the whole humanity of Jesus. Not only the humanity of this Jesus, but of every other man and woman. Not only that, but the Logos assumes all creation, and this “subsists” in the Logos as a single subject. Hence the “monistic” character of this cosmic Christology. In creatures, the Logos does not assume an essence as its own person, but places created nature in being, making it truly itself.
The term “Christ” is specified in relation to the “Logos.” If the latter refers to the hypostatic identity of all things, the former refers to the hypostatic similarity in which creatures become. Jesus became the Christ, the first fruit of that Christological transformation of the entire cosmos. From this it follows that Christ is not the denial but the full realization of the grammar of creation. In Him we see that created subjectivity, as such, is never self-constituted: it is always an ontological response to an original act. Being is not possessed, it is received. And this reception is not uniform: each creature realizes the founding presence of the Logos according to its own capacity, according to its own degree of openness, according to its own transparency. But the same law applies to all: to be means to let the Logos be as subject.
Thus, the humanity of Jesus is not an ontological exception, but the place where the truth of every creature becomes totally visible and transparent. In the risen Jesus, what every entity is implicitly has been manifested without opacity: a reality whose subjectivity is not original but shared, not self-sufficient but founded, not closed but relative. Affirming that Jesus is the Christ is not an affirmation of exclusion. Jesus is unique not because he breaks the structure of creation, but because he fulfills it without residue. What is always true but always veiled in creatures is true in him, and it has been revealed that the Logos is the subject of every being, and every being is itself only to the extent that it receives it and allows it to shine through.